The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest stratigraphic record in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity. Garrod discovered Neanderthal and early modern human remains, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found. History Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic ĭistribution of the Neanderthal, and main sites, including Tabun cave, 500,000 to around 40,000 BPĪs part of a 1929–1934 campaign, between 19, Dorothy Garrod excavated four caves, and a number of rock shelters, in the Carmel mountain range at el-Wad, el-Tabun, and Es Skhul. There is also a small kibbutz called Beit Oren, which is located on one of the highest points in the range to the southeast of Haifa. Several modern towns are located on the range, including Yokneam on the eastern ridge Zikhron Ya'akov on the southern slope the Druze communities of Daliyat al-Karmel and Isfiya on the more central part of the ridge and the towns of Nesher, Tirat Hakarmel, and the city of Haifa, on the far northwestern promontory and its base. The sloped side of the mountain is covered with luxuriant vegetation, including oak, pine, olive, and laurel trees. The mountain formation is an admixture of limestone and flint, containing many caves, and covered in several volcanic rocks. The range forms a natural barrier in the landscape, just as the Jezreel Valley forms a natural passageway, and consequently the mountain range and the valley have had a large impact on migration and invasions through the Levant over time. The Jezreel Valley lies to the immediate northeast. The Carmel range is approximately 6.5 to 8 kilometres (4.0 to 5.0 miles) wide, sloping gradually towards the southwest, but forming a steep ridge on the northeastern face, 546 metres (1,791 feet) high. The headland at the northwestern end of the range.The northwestern 21 km (13 mi) of the mountain range.The 39 km (24 mi) long mountain range all the way to Jenin, including the Manasseh Hill Country and the heights southeast of it.The phrase "Mount Carmel" has been used in three distinct ways, referring to either one of the following three areas: It is either a compound of kerem and el, meaning "vineyard of God" or a clipping of kar male, meaning "full kernel." Martin Jan Mulder suggested a third etymology, that of kerem + l with the lamed a sufformative, but this is considered unlikely as evidence for the existence of a lamed sufformative is weak. The word karmel means "garden-land" and is of uncertain origin. 3.4.4 Carmelites (12th century – present).3.2 Ancient agriculture: olive oil and wine.
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